how big is mauna loa

Claude Herzberg (30 de noviembre de 2006). The largest volcano on earth is Mauna Loa on Hawai'i Big Island. [15], Following the pattern of Hawaiian volcano formation, Mauna Loa would have started as a submarine volcano, gradually building itself up through underwater eruptions of alkali basalt before emerging from the sea through a series of surtseyan eruptions[16] about 400,000 years ago. They could not find a way down its steep sides so chose a smooth place on the rim for the camp site, at coordinates 19°27′59″N 155°34′54″W / 19.46639°N 155.58167°W / 19.46639; -155.58167. [36] However, Mauna Loa's overall rate of growth has probably begun to slow over the last 100,000 years,[39] and the volcano may in fact be nearing the end of its tholeiitic basalt shield-building phase. Mauna Loa has made cost damage go up to the millions.It is approximately twice the height of Mt. Finalmente, la erupción cesó por sí solo. [75]​, Las ruinas del campamento de la expedición de Wilkes son las únicas evidencias físicas conocidas de la expedición exploratoria de los Estados Unidos en el Pacífico. [68] Early settlements had a major impact on the local ecosystem, and caused many extinctions, particularly amongst bird species, as well as introducing foreign plants and animals and increasing erosion rates. [57]​ Sin embargo, existen excepciones; La erupción de 1950 del Mauna Loa emitió en tres semanas un volumen de lava tan grande como la erupción actual del Kilauea produce en tres años, y alcanzó el nivel del mar dentro de las cuatro horas de su inicio, afectando el pueblo de Hoʻokena Mauka y una importante carretera de la isla. Several camps established along the way supplied water and food for travelers. [23]​ El piso de la caldera de Mokuʻaweoweo se encuentra entre 170 y 50 m más bajo que su borde y es solo la última de varias calderas que se formaron y reformaron durante la vida del volcán. The prevailing view states that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planet's mantle for much, if not all of the CenozoicEra. Por el riesgo que representa para los centros poblados de la isla, Mauna Loa ha sido incluido en el programa de Volcanes de la Década, que promueve el estudio de los volcanes más peligrosos del mundo. At 60 miles long and 30 miles wide, it makes up half of the entire island. Menzies decided to make a second attempt (above the objections of the accompanying island chief), but again his progress was arrested by unassailable thickets. Mauna Loa es el volcán más grande del mundo; tiene una superficie de 5271 km², y una anchura máxima de 120 km. [72] Regardless, Kīlauea's lack of a geographic outline and strong volcanic link to Mauna Loa led to it being considered an offshoot of Mauna Loa by the Ancient Hawaiians, meaning much of the mythos now associated with Kīlauea was originally directed at Mauna Loa proper as well. There is also a less definite northward rift zone that extends towards the Humuula Saddle marking the intersection of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea. Between 11,000 and 8,000 years ago, activity was more intense than it is today. Al amanecer algunos miembros del grupo bajaron para traer leña y recuperar el equipaje abandonado en el camino el día anterior. Since there was no water at Sunday Station, porters had to be sent back ten miles (16 km) to a lava tube on ʻAinapō Trail which had a known supply. A la espera de un mejor clima para continuar la expedición, Wilkes decidió pasar el invierno en Hawái y aprovechar la oportunidad de explorar los volcanes de la isla. Most of the porters were sent back down to get another load. [72]​[73]​, En 1778 James Cook fue el primer europeo en tocar tierra en la isla de Hawái y regresó a la isla en 1779. Wilkes decided to spend the winter in Hawaii and take the opportunity to explore its volcanoes while waiting for better weather to continue the expedition. Después de caer en desuso, el sendero histórico de ʻAinapo fue reabierto en 1990. Its snow-capped neighbor, Mauna Kea, while not taking up as much mass or girth as Mauna Loa, is … Here are some facts about Mauna Loa, one of the volcanoes of Hawaii. [16]​[24]​ Generalmente, después de algunos meses, la actividad en la cumbre es seguida por erupciones laterales. El 14 de diciembre contrató a cerca de 200 cargadores, pero se dio cuenta de que solo podían llevar la mitad del equipo, por lo que tuvo que contratar a cargadores hawaianos adicionales a costos más altos. It took another week to bring all the equipment to the summit, including a pendulum designed for measuring slight variations in gravity.[80]. La red estaba integrada por tramos cortos que atendieron a las áreas locales a lo largo de las principales carreteras, y redes más amplias dentro y alrededor de los centros agrícolas. [9] The prevailing view states that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planet's mantle for much, if not all of the Cenozoic Era. [2] Consisting of approximately 65,000 to 80,000 km3 (15,600 to 19,200 cu mi) of solid rock,[18] it makes up more than half of the surface area of the island of Hawaiʻi. [62]​ La mayor parte del sistema de monitoreo actual fue instalada en la década de 1970. [7] The volcano's magma comes from the Hawaii hotspot, which has been responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian island chain over tens of millions of years. Using a compass, Ledyard and small group of ships' mates and native attendants attempted to make a direct course for the summit. [69] The prevailing lowland forest ecosystem was transformed from forest to grassland; some of this change was caused by the use of fire, but the main reason appears to have been the introduction of the Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans). [2]​ Cubre más de la mitad de la superficie de la isla de Hawaiʻi,[2]​ y tiene una masa de aproximadamente 65 000 a 80 000 km³ de roca sólida. E. W. Wolfe, W. S. Wise, G. B. Dalrymple (1997). The positioning of the trails were practical, connecting living areas to farms and ports and regions to resources, with a few upland sections reserved for gathering and most lines marked well enough to remain identifiable long after regular use has ended. In addition, much of the mountain is invisible even underwater: its mass depresses the crust beneath it by another 8 km (5 mi), in the shape of an inverse mountain,[21] meaning the total height of Mauna Loa from the start of its eruptive history is about 17,170 m (56,000 ft). La erupción más reciente del Mauna Loa se produjo del 24 de marzo hasta el 15 de abril de 1984. 2601», «Giant Landslides: Kilauea and Mauna Loa: GEOL 205: Lecture Notes», «Glaciers on Mauna Kea? Forman una terraza contra la cual los flujos más recientes se toparon, muy erosionada y rajada en su inclinación; se cree que esto fue el resultado de un período de erosión debido a un cambio en la dirección del flujo de lava causado por el desplome prehistórico del volcán. In February of that year Menzies, two ships' mates, and a small group of native Hawaiian attendants attempted a direct course for the summit from Kealakekua Bay, making it 26 km (16 mi) inland by their reckoning (an overestimation) before they were turned away by the thickness of the forest. [24]​ Estas zonas de ruptura son estructuras hundidas, accionadas por intrusiones de diques a lo largo de una falla de desprendimiento subcutáneo que, según se cree, se extienden hasta la base del volcán, hasta una profundidad de 12 a 14 km. [67] Flightless birds that had previously known no predators became a staple food source. Investigaciones submarinas revelaron numerosos deslizamientos a lo largo de la cadena de Hawái, así como evidencia de dos eventos de tsunamis gigantes: Hace 200.000 años, Molokaʻi fue afectado por un tsunami con una altura de 75 m, y hace 100.000 años, un megatsunami de 325 m de altura golpeó la isla de Lanaʻi. [2] Cubre más de la mitad de la superficie de la isla de Hawaiʻi, [2] y tiene una masa de aproximadamente 65 000 a 80 000 km³ de roca sólida. No recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities, but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages, and the city of Hilo is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century. [16]​, Se crearon modelos geofísicos simplificados de la cámara magmática de Mauna Loa, utilizando mediciones por radar interferométrico de apertura sintética de la deformación del suelo debido a la lenta acumulación de magma bajo la superficie del volcán. The volcano is so massive the bottom of the volcano has sunk down 5 miles (8 km) beneath the ocean floor. [31]​ La existencia de fallas profundas es una característica común de los volcanes de Hawái, una característica que ocasionó el deslizamiento gradual de gran parte de sus flancos y la formación de estructuras topográficas como la depresión de Hilina y las antiguas colinas de Ninole. Its total volume is estimated at 18,000 cubic miles. Monte Merapi • Descripción: el volcán activo más grande del mundo, que abarca la mitad de la isla de Hawái Ubicación: 37 millas (59 km) al suroeste de Hilo, en el Parque Nacional de los Volcanes de Hawái No es ningún misterio por qué los primeros hawaianos le dieron a este gigante volcán protector el nombre de Maunaloa o «montaña larga». El Observatorio de Mauna Loa (MLO) de NOAA también se encuentra muy cerca. Al igual que los demás volcanes de Hawái, Mauna Loa se formó cuando la placa tectónica del Pacífico pasó encima del punto caliente de Hawái, un punto caliente en el manto terrestre subyacente. At the Flag Station Wilkes and his eight remaining men built a circular wall of lava rocks and covered the shelter with a canvas tent. El 31 de diciembre de 1840 iniciaron el montaje de la casa de péndulo prefabricada. Occurring during an enforced nighttime blackout on the island, the eruption's luminosity forced the government to issue a gag order on the local press, hoping to prevent news of its occurrence spreading, for fear that the Japanese would use it to launch a bombing run on the island. [33], Mauna Loa is tall enough to have experienced glaciation during the last ice age, 25,000 to 15,000 years ago. International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (1998). cut into a rock at the site. Sin embargo, el papel del bombardeo en terminar la erupción ha sido fuertemente cuestionado por los vulcanólogos. Wilkes did not want to head back downhill so he blazed his own way through dense forest directed by a compass. [6] Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica-poor and very fluid, and they tend to be non-explosive. These models predict a 1.1 km (1 mi) wide magma chamber located at a depth of about 4.7 km (3 mi), 0.5 km (0 mi) below sea level, near the southeastern margin of Mokuʻāweoweo. ", American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Complete Report for Mauna Kea Volcano (Class B) No. A third modern route to the summit is from the Saddle Road up to the Mauna Loa Observatory which is at 11,135 feet (3,394 m) elevation a few miles north of Mokuʻāweoweo and the North Pit trail. YES!», «Eruption History: A Cyclic Eruption Model is Proposed», «Summary of Historical Eruptions, 1843 - Present», «50th Anniversary of Mauna Loa's Most Spectacular Eruption», «Shhh! En su segunda visita, John Ledyard, un cabo de los Royal Marines a bordo de la HMS Resolution recibió licencia para una expedición a la cumbre del Mauna Loa para conocer «esa parte de la isla, sobre todo la cima, cuya punta está generalmente cubierta de nieve, y había despertado una gran curiosidad.» Utilizando una brújula, Ledyard y un pequeño grupo de compañeros de buque y auxiliares nativos trataron de realizar un trayecto directo a la cumbre. Originating from the volcano's southwestern rift zone, the eruption remains the largest rift event in the volcano's modern history, lasting 23 days, emitting 376 million cubic meters of lava, and reaching 24 km (15 mi) the ocean within 3 hours. F. Amelung, S. H. Yun, T. R. Walter, P. Segall, S. W. Kim (18 de mayo de 2007). [73]:154–155, Ancient Hawaiians constructed an extensive trail system on Hawaiʻi island, today known as the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail. Las observaciones de la atmósfera se llevan a cabo en el Observatorio de Mauna Loa, y las del sol en el Observatorio solar de Mauna Loa, ambos situados cerca de la cumbre del volcán. [80] The camp site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1974 as site 74000295,[78] and is state historic site 10-52-5507. [7]​, Estudios del volcán mostraron que se produce un ciclo en el cual la actividad volcánica en la cumbre es dominante durante varios cientos de años, después del cual la actividad se traslada a las zonas de ruptura durante varios siglos, para luego trasladarse nuevamente a la cumbre. R. W. Decker et al., ed. [26]​, Mauna Loa tiene interacciones complejas con sus vecinos, Hualalai al oeste, Mauna Kea al norte, y en particular Kilauea al este. [43]​ Otras erupciones se produjeron en 1879 y dos veces en 1880,[39]​ la última de las cuales duró hasta 1881 y los flujos de lava se extendieron hasta los límites actuales de Hilo, la ciudad más grande de la isla; sin embargo en aquel momento la localidad era un pueblo situado más bajo en la ladera del volcán, a la orilla del océano, por lo que no fue afectada por los flujos de lava. [25]​ El primero es una ruptura de 60 km con orientación hacia el suroeste, de la caldera al mar, continuando sobre unos 40 km bajo el agua, con un cambio direccional notable de 40° a lo largo de su longitud; esta zona de ruptura fue históricamente activa sobre la mayor parte de su extensión. [12] Lōʻihi Seamount on the island's flank is even younger, but has yet to breach the surface of the Pacific Ocean. How big is Mauna Loa? [41], Historical eruptions at Mauna Loa are typically Hawaiian in character and rarely violent, starting with the emergence of lava fountains over a several kilometer long rift colloquially known as the "curtain of fire" (often, but not always, propagating from Mauna Loa's summit[27]) and eventually concentrating at a single vent, its long-term eruptive center. [44], Eruptions on Mauna Loa are almost always preceded and accompanied by prolonged episodes of seismic activity, the monitoring of which was the primary and often only warning mechanism in the past and which remains viable today. YES! Significantly better prepared, Menzies, Lieutenant Joseph Baker and Midshipman George McKenzie of Discovery, and a servant (most likely Jonathan Ewins, listed on the ship's muster as "Botanist's L't") reached the summit, which Menzies estimated to be 4,156 m (13,635 ft) high with the aid of a barometer (consistent with a modern value of 4,169 m, 13,678 ft). El día lunes 11 de enero, Wilkes caminó alrededor del cráter de la cumbre. Seismic stations have been maintained on Hawaiʻi since the Observatory's inception, but these were concentrated primarily on Kīlauea, with coverage on Mauna Loa improving only slowly through the 20th century. I rent a 4x4 and start the trek upwards towards 13,000 feet!! [4]​ El nombre hawaiano Mauna Loa significa «montaña larga». Douglas collected biological samples on the way both up and down, and after a difficult and distressing descent began collating his samples; he planned to return to England, but instead several months later his body was discovered mysteriously crushed in a pit beside a dead wild boar[77], Isidor Löwenstern successfully climbed Mauna Loa in February 1839, only the third successful climb in 60 years. [45], Although volcanic eruptions in Hawaiʻi rarely produce casualties (the only direct historical fatality due to volcanic activity on the island occurred at Kīlauea in 1924, when an unusually explosive eruption hurled rocks at an onlooker), property damage due to inundation by lava is a common and costly hazard. [77]​, La mañana siguiente no pudieron iniciar un fuego mediante fricción debido al aire enrarecido a esa altura, y enviaran un hombre a traer cerillas. [58]​, Un riesgo mucho mayor que pone el Mauna Loa es un repentino colapso masivo de los flancos del volcán, como el colapso del flanco oeste del volcán hace 100.000 a 200.000 años que creó la bahía de Kealakekua. Su tienda se encontraba a 18 m de la orilla del cráter, segurada por bloques de lava. [39]​, La erupción de 1942 se produjo solo cuatro meses después del ataque a Pearl Harbor y el inicio de la participación de Estados Unidos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ulawun • You crazy? [36] The 1926 eruption in particular is noteworthy for having inundated of a village near Hoʻōpūloa, destroying 12 houses, a church, and a small harbor. Mauna Loa is a REALLY tall and big mountain. También existe una zona de ruptura menos definida en el norte, que se extiende hacia la Silla de Humuula, que marca la intersección entre Mauna Loa y Mauna Kea. Peter W. Lipman (1980). Since 1832, Mauna Loa has erupted 39 times; it's last eruption was in 1984. Because of the potential hazards it poses to population centers, Mauna Loa is part of the Decade Volcanoes program, which encourages studies of the world's most dangerous volcanoes. [63]​, Los primeros antiguos hawaianos que llegaron en la isla de Hawái vivieron a lo largo de la costa, donde los alimentos y el agua eran abundantes. Mauna Loa isn't the only giant presence on the Big Island. (KHNL) Mauna Loa's massive eruptions and rivers of lava could pose a danger to much of Hawaii island, depending on where it comes pouring out. Thus the first entirely confirmed historically witnessed eruption was a January 1843 event; since that time Mauna Loa has erupted 32 times. [14]​, De acuerdo con el patrón de las rocas volcánicas de Hawái, Mauna Loa hubiera empezado como un volcán submarino joven, creciendo progresivamente por las erupciones submarinas de basalto álcali antes de emerger del océano con una serie de erupciones surtseyanas[15]​ hace unos 400 000 años. The oldest-known dated rocks are not older than 200,000 years. Two guides joined them at Sunday Station: Keaweehu, "the bird-catcher" and another whose Hawaiian name is not recorded, called "ragsdale". Mauna Loa covers 2,035 square miles (5,271 sq km) and has erupted between 15,600 to 19,200 cubic miles (65,000 to 80,000 cubic km) of lava that has turned into solid rock. [70]​ En cualquier caso, la falta de contorno geográfico pronunciado del Kilauea y el fuerte vínculo volcánico con Mauna llevó a los antiguos hawaianos a considerar el Kilauea como un satélite del Mauna Loa, es decir, gran parte de la mitología asociada a Kilauea fue también dirigida a Mauna Loa. El rey Kamehameha III asignó un misionero médico estadounidense, Dr. Gerrit P. Judd, como traductor de la expedición.[75]​. However, the role the bombing played in ending the eruption has since been heavily disputed by volcanologists. The Pāhala ashes themselves were produced over a long period of time circa 13 to 30 thousand years ago, although heavy vitrification and interactions with post and pre- creation flows has hindered exact dating. [25]​ Los modelos anteriores, basados en dos erupciones más recientes del Mauna Loa, hiciero una predicción semejante, y colocaron la cámara magmática a 3 kilómetros de profundidad en la misma posición geográfica. Medidores de deformación, en cambio, son relativamente raros. En las elevaciones más bajas, la vertiente oriental (barlovento) del volcán recibe fuertes lluvias, y la ciudad de Hilo es considerada la más húmeda de los Estados Unidos. [52] After the 1950 event, Mauna Loa entered an extended period of dormancy, interrupted only by a small single-day summit event in 1975. However, while the H… National Park Service. David R. Sherrod, John M. Sinton, Sarah E. Watkins, & Kelly M. Brunt (2007). El médico, Dr. Judd, hizo la recorrida entre la cumbre y «Recruitment Station» para atender a muchos que sufrían del mal de altura o habían desgastado sus zapatos en la roca áspera. Se vieron envueltos en una tormenta de nieve, y varios sufrieron del mal de altura. (2002). On a second visit by the expedition to the island in January of the next year Menzies was placed in charge of exploring the island interior, and after traversing the flanks of Hualālai he and his party arrived at the high plateau separating the two volcanoes. [5]​ La lava del Mauna Loa es muy fluida y pobre en sílice; las erupciones tienden a ser no explosivas y las pendientes del volcán no son muy pronunciadas. [10]​, Mauna Loa es uno de los cinco volcanes subareales de la isla de Hawái que fueron creados por el punto caliente de Hawái. La noche del 23 de diciembre el techo de lona colapsó por la nieve acumulada. The highest recorded temperature was 85 °F (29 °C) and the lowest was 18 °F (−8 °C) on February 18, 2003 and February 20, 1962, respectively. Don't tell there is an eruption – Eruption of 1942", "The 1950 eruption of Mauna Loa: a nightmare that could reoccur", "Volcanoes of the National Parks of Hawaii", "Decade Volcano Program IDNDR – IAVCEI – 1990/2000", "Volcanic and seismic hazards on the island of Hawaii", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, "Thomas A. Jaggar, Jr., and the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory", "Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i : Current Monitoring", "Final Environmental Statement for the Outrigger Telescopes Project: Volume II", "Culture: The First Arrivals: Native Hawaiian Uses", "The Impact of the Prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian Ecosystem", "Avifaunal Extinctions, Vegetation Change and Polynesian Impacts in Prehistoric Hawai'i", "Information on the Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii", "Hawaiian Oral History related to Geology", "National Register Of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form for Federal Properties – Ainapo Trail", "The Proposed Mauka Trails System: The Roles and History of Trails on the Big Island", "Earliest Ascents of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i", "Measuring the Mountain: the United States Exploring Expedition on Mauna Loa, 1840–1841", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature", "Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary", "The Yuan Tseh Lee Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy (AMiBA)", 1934 USGS silent color video of Mauna Loa erupting, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauna_Loa&oldid=1000978543, National Register of Historic Places in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Highest points of United States national parks, Articles using NRISref without a reference number, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Pages using infobox mountain with deprecated parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox NRHP with governing body, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 17 January 2021, at 17:35. [41][47][48] A short single-day eruption in 1877 was unusual in that it took place underwater, in Kealakekua Bay, and within a mile of the shoreline; curious onlookers approaching the area in boats reported unusually turbulent water and occasional floating blocks of hardened lava. Strainmeters, by contrast, are relatively rare. [1][6] On January 13, 1841, he had "Pendulum Peak, January 1841 U.S. Ex, Ex." Although the journey was arduous and required several days and many porters, ancient Hawaiians likely made the journey during eruptions to leave offerings and prayers to honor Pele, much as they did at Halemaʻumaʻu, neighboring Kilauea's more active and more easily accessible caldera. [61] A more recent example of the risks associated with slumps occurred in 1975, when the Hilina Slump suddenly lurched forward several meters, triggering a 7.2 Mw  earthquake and a 14 m (46 ft) tsunami that killed two campers at Halape. Desde la creación del observatorio se mantuvieron estaciones sísmicas en Hawái, pero éstas se concentraron principalmente en el Kilauea, y la cobertura del Mauna Loa solo mejoró gradualmente durante el siglo XX. The sharp features of the summit caldera and lava flows that drain outward from the summit are tribute to the fact that Mauna Loa is one of the Earth’s most active volcanoes. Much of the area immediately surrounding the rift zones is considered level two, and about 20 percent of the area has been covered in lava in historical times. Although there was no loss of life, the village was permanently destroyed. «Shallow Normal Faulting and Block Rotation Associated with the 1975 Kalapana Earthquake, Kilauea. Much of the remainder of the volcano is hazard level three, about 15 to 20 percent of which has been covered by flows within the last 750 years. Observations of the atmosphere are undertaken at the Mauna Loa Observatory, and of the Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, both located near the mountain's summit. Isidor Lowenstern subió a la cumbre del Mauna Loa en febrero de 1839 y fue el tercer europeo en hacerlo en 60 años. [46]​ Los flujos de lava de una erupción anterior, en 1926, invadió el pueblo de Hoʻopuloa Makai,[47]​ y Hilo, en parte construida sobre la lava de la erupción de 1880-1881, está en riesgo de futuras erupciones. One of the largest single mountain masses in the world, Mauna Loa (meaning “Long Mountain” in Hawaiian) rises to 13,677 feet (4,169 metres) above sea level and constitutes half of the island’s area. [74]​[75]​, El siguiente intento de llegar a la cumbre del Mauna Loa fue una expedición dirigida por Archibald Menzies, un botánico y naturalista escocés que participó en la Expedición Vancouver de 1793. [45] Further eruptions occurred in 1879 and then twice in 1880,[41] the latter of which extended into 1881 and came within the present boundaries of the island's largest city, Hilo; however, at the time, the settlement was a shore-side village located further down the volcano's slope, and so was unaffected. [31], Because Kīlauea lacks a topographical prominence and appears as a bulge on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa, it was historically interpreted by both native Hawaiians and early geologists to be an active satellite of Mauna Loa. [27] Earlier models based on Mauna Loa's two most recent eruptions made a similar prediction, placing the chamber at 3 km (1.9 mi) deep in roughly the same geographic position. Después de solicitar la ayuda de Lorrin A. Thurston en 1915, logró persuadir al Ejército de Estados Unidos de construir una «ruta sencilla a la cumbre» para uso público y científico, un proyecto que se realizó en diciembre de ese año; desde entonces el observatorio ha mantenido una presencia en el volcán. Mauna Loa (en hawaiano [ˈmɔunə ˈlowə]) es uno de los cinco volcanes que, junto con el volcán Kohala, el volcán Hualalai, el volcán Kilauea y el volcán Mauna Kea, forman la isla de Hawái en el estado de Hawaiʻi en el océano Pacífico. An Oregon State Study (the link is now gone) claims that Mauna Loa is composed of 68,750 to 79,343 cubic kilometers of material, or 16,494 to 19,035 cubic miles of material, of which only a small part is above the ocean. Foulger, G.R; Anderson, Don L. (11 de marzo de 2006). Esta cámara magmática superficial está ubicada a una altitud mucho mayor que las zonas de ruptura del Mauna Loa, lo que sugiere que la actividad de las zonas de ruptura es generada por la intrusión de magma en las partes más profundas de la zona de ruptura, así como inyecciones de diques ocasionales en las partes menos profundas de la zona de ruptura; un mecanismo similar ha sido propuesto para el volcán vecino, el Kilauea. On Monday, January 11, Wilkes hiked around the summit crater. [8] The Hawaii island volcanoes are the most recent evidence of this process that, over 70 million years, has created the 3,700 mi (6,000 km)-long Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. [43]​ La erupción de 1984 casi llegó a la ciudad, pero se detuvo después de que se logró desviar el flujo lava. Its recent inactivity is most likely not long-term, as even a century of low activity is a very short period in Mauna Loa's several hundred-thousand year history. [38]​, Los antiguos hawaianos poblaron la isla de Hawaiʻi hace aproximadamente 1500 años, pero con excepción de unos pocos relatos fragmentarios que datan de finales del siglo XVIII y principios del siglo XIX, no conservaron registros sobre la actividad volcánica en la isla. Snow caps the summits of Mauna Loa (center) and Mauna Kea (toward the top, center) volcanoes on the island of Hawai‘i. It has an area of 5,271 sq km (about 2,000 sq miles) and makes up just over half of the island of Hawaii. En una segunda visita a la isla, en enero del siguiente año, Menzies fue puesto a cargo de explorar el interior de la isla, y después de atravesar las laderas del Hualalai, su expedición llegó hasta el altiplano que separa ambos volcanes. Se especula que la extensa actividad freatomagmática que ocurrió durante este tiempo, contribuyó ampliamente a los de... », « Glaciers on Mauna Kea but is much larger in volume of Astronomy and Astrophysics ( )! 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