2. Hygiene is the discipline of health and its safeguarding (Dorland, 1997). E. coli O157:H7 became a household word in 1993 when it was recognized as the cause of four deaths and more than 600 cases of bloody diarrhoea among children under 5years in North-western United States (US EPA, 1996). In 2000, 189 nations adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration, and from that, the Millennium Development Goals were made. Like the Ghana Standards, no E.coli or thermotolerant bacteria should be detected in a 100 ml sample of drinking water. removal on stainless steel and Buna-N rubber, while contact time was the most important factor on HDPE (high-density polyethylene), cement, and epoxy. Increased amounts of water in stool can occur if the stomach and/or small intestine produce too much fluid, the distal small intestine and colon do not soak up enough water, or the undigested, liquid food passes too quickly through the small intestine and colon for them to take out enough water. The effect of sanitation on the efficacy of control varied by tactic (F = 29.6; df = 9, 1170; p < 0.0001), but had an almost uniformly negative effect where data is available (Table 1). A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.) Free resources to assist you with your university studies! This thesis examines the socio-cultural and demographic factors influencing sanitation conditions in Ghana, identifies the presence of Escherichia coli in household drinking water samples and investigates prevalence of diarrhoea among infants. The Tarkwa Mine has so far spent 10.5million US dollars of which 26% went into health, water and sanitation projects, 24% into agricultural development, 31% into formal education and the remaining went into other projects like roads and community centre construction ( GGL, 2008). The more paths that can be blocked, the more useful a health and sanitation intervention program will be. Generally, several factors influence the antimicrobial activity of biocides, such as the temperature, time of exposure, amount of organic … Pest management in food processing facilities strives to prevent product loss due to insect consumption or infestation of raw or processed product. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life. According to IRC (2001:0), issues that need to be addressed when assessing sanitation would include: Sanitation is a key determinant of both fairness in society and society’s ability to maintain itself. Access to safe sanitation, improved water and improved waste disposal systems is more of an urban than rural occurrence. It was noted that, female heads were less likely to collect water in larger households. Describe different kinds of cleaning agents and how they are used. Physical and Chemical Factors Several physical and chemical factors also influence disinfectant procedures: temperature, pH, relative humidity, and water hardness. The Ghana Standards specify 5 TCU or 5 Hazen units for colour after filtration. Two food processing facilities in the Midwest were evaluated on their levels of sanitation and then monitored for insect pests following fumigation with Profume™. Chemical Sanitizers. Why are the several sanitation intervention projects failing to achieve desired results? For example, heat, chemical agents, or radiation are all … Until recently, policies of many countries have focused on access to latrines by households as a principal indicator of sanitation coverage, although of late there has been a change and an expansion in understanding the term sanitation. Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Sanitation Programs Item Type Article Authors Fernandez-Haddad, Marilu; Ingram, Maia Citation Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Sanitation Programs 2015, 3 Frontiers in Public Health DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00201 Publisher Frontiers Journal Frontiers in Public Health Social Cohesion The most important process was initiating social cohesion. Because of this development, the local environment has been subjected to varying degrees of degradation. Soiling of surfaces is a natural process which reduces the free energy of the system. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. For example, water quality analysis carried out in 1989 by the former Canadian Bogoso Resources (CBR) showed that water samples had Total coliform bacteria in excess of 16 colonies per 100ml (BGL EIS,2005). Reference this, Tags: Environmental StudiesHealth and Safety. The following research questions were posed to help address the objectives; The main aim of this research was to investigate people’s awareness and practice of personal hygiene, access to quality water and sanitation and the possible causes of diarrhoeal diseases and suggest ways to reduce the incidence of diseases in the community. This thesis examines the socio-cultural and demographic factors influencing sanitation conditions in Ghana, identifies the presence of Escherichia coli in household drinking water samples and investigates prevalence of diarrhoea among infants.It is based on questionnaire interviews of 120 household heads and 77 caretakers of young children below … Manufacturer’s instructions must be followed. However, until recent times they were mostly considered as technical and/or economic problems. Sanitation's impact on the effectiveness of the pest management programs of food processing facilities. According to the social learning theory, behavioural processes are directly acquired by the continually dynamic interplay between the individual and its social environment (Mc Connell, 1982). Despite efforts by the development partners, water supply and sanitation related diseases are highly prevalent in the district. Different factors influence the effectiveness of chemical sanitizers. Temperature: Pasteurization temperature is 140oF. According to the 2006 projection, the population of the district is expected to reach 295,753 by the end of the year 2009 (WWDA, 2006). Past studies have shown that environmental factors can directly impact stored product insects (SPIs) and the effectiveness of the chemical agents designed to control them (Semaeo et al., 2012, Arthur, 2000). Water-based diseases are caused by parasites found in intermediate organisms living in contaminated water. The Ghana Standards specify that E.coli or thermotolerant bacteria and total coliform bacteria should not be detected in a 100ml sample of drinking water (0 CFU/100ml). Education, especially for females results in well spaced child birth, greater ability of parents to give better health care which in turn contribute to reduced mortality rates among children under 5years (Grant, 1995). The primary process of achieving effect has been through the initiation and operation of oral rehydration therapy; i.e. must be considered are: Concentration -- The presence of too little sanitizer will result in an inadequate. Water washed diseases are caused by poor personal hygiene and skin or eye contact with contaminated water. It also identified the common bacteria present in household stored water sources. Finally, it was found out that diarrhoea among infants were highly prevalent since 47 (61.04%) out of the 77 child minders admitted their wards had a bout with infant diarrhoea. As described above, the factors that influence the choice of sanitation technology can be categorized into technical, environmental, institutional and community factors (Ta- ble 2.2). of the factors contributing to the poor environmental While the actual dumpsites may occur several miles sanitation in the hostels of Bayero University Kano. Development partners in the past have concentrated their efforts on facilities provision only. We compared two food processing facilities for differences in sanitation. Swelling of the small intestine and/or colon from bacteria or from ileitis/colitis can increase the haste with which food passes through the intestines, reducing the time that is available for absorbing water. Epidemiological investigations have revealed that even in dearth supply of latrines, diarrhoeal morbidity can be reduced with the implementation of improved hygiene behaviours (IRC, 2001: Morgan, 1990). Thus, sanitation approaches must be resource minded, not waste minded. For example, some viruses, bacteria and parasites cause increased discharge of fluid, either by invading and inflaming the lining of the small intestine (inflammation stimulates the lining to secrete fluid) or by producing toxins (chemicals) that also fire up the lining to secrete fluid but without causing inflammation. Since the 1960’s the GWSC has focussed chiefly on urban areas at the peril of rural areas and thus, rural communities in the Wassa West District are no exception. To assess the quality of stored household drinking water. Furthermore, the research identified the relationships between some socio-cultural demographic factors of households and the sanitation practice of its members. In quite a lot of studies from different countries, the advancement of personal and domestic hygiene accounted for a decline in diarrhoeal morbidity (Henry and Rahim, 1990). Disinfectants are chemical agents designed to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. That is; if it does not increase or create new environmental hazards (IRC, 2001). The Northwest epidemic was traced to undercooked hamburgers served in a fast food restaurant. All work is written to order. The aims of all these projects were to improve hygiene and sanitation so as to reduce disease transmission. It is based on questionnaire interviews of 120 household heads and 77 caretakers of young children below the age of 5years, direct observation of clues of household sanitation practice as well as analyses of household water samples in six surrounding communities in Bogoso. Similarly, exposing microbes to an antimicrobial agent for longer periods of time increases the effectiveness. A lot more illnesses occur but on a lower scale and these include intestinal worms, coughs and typhoid fever. Golden Star Resources (consist of Bogoso/Prestea Mine and Wassa Mine at Damang) also established the community development department in 2005 and has since invested 800 thousand US dollars. Goal 4, which aims at reducing child mortality by two thirds for children under five, is the focus of this study. The number of malaria cases decreased from 350 in 2006 to 300 cases per 1000 population in 2008. For example, in a study of 11 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, only between 35-80% of water systems were operational in the rural areas (Sutton, 2004). ( 1997 ). Health is the capacity to function efficiently within one’s surroundings. The first method, case management of diarrhoea, has been tremendously successful in recent years in reducing child mortality. How complete the sanitation programme is in addressing major risks for transmitting sanitation-related diseases; Whether the sanitation programme adopted a demand driven approach, through greater people’s participation, or supply driven approach, through heavy subsidy; Whether it allows adjustment to people’s varying needs and payment; If the programme leads to measurably improved practices by the majority of men and women, boys and girls; If it is environmentally friendly. Similarly, ensuring access to water supply systems can greatly ease the time women spend collecting water, allowing more time to care for young children and more time for income generating activities. Reinforcement refers to any event that increases chances that a response will occur again (Coon, 1989). They have sponsored about 10 hand dug wells for villages in the district. To investigate the occurrence of diarrhoea among young children (0-59 months old) in the households. Access to waste disposal systems, their regular, consistent and hygienic use and adoption of other hygienic behavioural practices that block the transmission of diseases are the most important factors. Identify, define, and discuss cleaning and sanitizing and the factors that influence their effectiveness. This research assessed people’s practice of personal hygiene in Bogoso and surrounding villages. Water-related diseases can be grouped into four categories ( Bradley, 1977) based on the path of transmission: Waterborne diseases are caused by the ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal faeces or urine containing pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Occurrence of infant diarrhoea in the household is independent on the educational attainment of child caretakers. Ismail’s (1999) work on nutritional assessment in Africa, detected that peoples demographic features, socioeconomic and access to basic social services such as food, water and electricity correlate significantly to their health and nutrition status. Most strains of E. coli bacteria are not dangerous however, this particular strain attaches itself to the intestinal wall and then releases a toxin that causes severe abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhoea and vomiting that lasts a week or longer. Furthermore, if current improvements are to be sustained, then more attention needs to be given to the “F” and “E” elements and effective prevention. Download PDF: Sorry, we are unable to provide the full text but you may find it at the following location(s): https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.... (external link) However, Remco has added two other key factors that can influence the efficacy of a sanitation program: employees and resources. The transmission pathways are well known and are potted and simplified in the “F diagram” (Wagner and Lanois 1958) shown below by figure 3.1. Diarrhoea can be defined in absolute or relative terms based on either the rate of recurrence of bowel movements or the constancy (or looseness) of stools (Kendall, 1996). In order to reduce transmission of faecal-oral diseases at the household level, for example, an expert group of epidemiologist and water supply and sanitation specialist concluded that three interventions would be crucial. 5.2 Chemical disinfection methods. To identify and recommend good intervention methods to eliminate or reduce the outbreak of diseases and improve sanitation. Programs in several countries have confirmed that interventions can and do reduce diarrhoea morbidity. Thus, an individual who develops looser stools than usual has diarrhoea even though the stools may be within the range of normal with respect to consistency. Towns and villages in the district have been affected by mining, forestry and agricultural activities for over 120 years (BGL EIS, 2005). The standards are adapted from the World Health Organizations Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Second Edition, Volume 1, 1993, but also incorporate national standards that are specific to the country’s environment. Data obtained from the Public and Environmental Health Department of the Ministry of Health (M.O.H., 2008) showed that the top ten most prevalent diseases in the district include malaria, acute respiratory infections, skin diseases and diarrhoea. Cleaning is most effective above 140oF but below 180oF. The most successful interventions against diarrhoeal diseases are those that break off the transmission of contagious agents at home. According to the USAID’s hygiene improvement framework, a thorough approach to diarrhoea at the national level must tackle the three key elements of any triumphant program to fight disease. Efforts to assuage poverty cannot be complete if access to good water and sanitation systems are not part. Despite a drop in deaths owing to diarrhoea, morbidity or the health burden due to diarrhoea has not decreased, because health experts are treating the symptoms but not addressing the causes. the dispensation of oral rehydration solution and sustained feeding (both solid and fluid, including breast milk). Data collected was analysed using SPSS and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Value(R) technique. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKDiss.com purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on Reviews.io. No plagiarism, guaranteed! The article analyzes social, educational, economic, demographic, and cultural factors that influence the effectiveness of sanitation programs and presents recommendations for strategies to engage community members in community sanitation programs. away from the primary source of water, drainage Table 1: Personal information of the respondents and rainfall can cause the chemicals and physical waste to blend with the water supply [4]. Cultural issues play active part in hygiene and sanitation behaviour especially among members of rural communities. Absolute diarrhoea is having more bowel movements than normal. The most essential for an effective chemical disinfection programme is a clean surface. Start studying Chapter 11 Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes. Furthermore, in houses where the religion of the head of household was Traditional, sanitation was superior to those of a Christian head and this household also had better sanitary conditions than that with a Moslem head of household. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this dissertation and no longer wish to have your work published on the UKDiss.com website then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! The troubles of scarce water and safe sanitation provisions in developing countries have previously been dealt with by researchers for quite some time. The major diseases prevalent in Ghana are malaria, yellow fever, schistosomiasis (bilharzias), typhoid and diarrhea. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. Safer disposal of human excreta, particularly of babies and people with diarrhoea. Specifically, factors such as age, gender, township status and ethnicity, which are basic to demography, can play a role in the quality of life especially of the elderly. The environment is human life’s supporting system from which food, air and shelter are derived to sustain human life. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Therefore, relatively not much is proven how the socio-cultural demographic influences impinge on hygiene behaviour which in turn influences the transmission of diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.09.010. The incidence of diarrhoea among infants and acute respiratory infection remained 30 and 60 cases per 1,000 populations respectively. In the rural poor households, only 9.2% have safe sanitation, 21.1% use improved waste disposal method and 63.0% have access to improved water. Selectivity of the sanitizer - certain sanitizers are non-selective in their ability to destroy a wide variety of microorganisms while others demonstrate a degree of selectivity. Note: A disinfectant will not cover up faulty cleaning practices It is important that the wineries have a good understanding of cellar hygiene. Time, Temperature, and Concentration are the variable factors in all cleaning processes, and being able to control and optimize each variable for your particular process will determine how effective your clean-up efforts are. The reason is that the faeces from young people are allegedly free from pathogens and less offensive (Drangert, 2004). They showed the relevance of animal influence in the effectiveness of WASH measures, as well as the difficulties of designing studies that look at this particular interaction. Conditions of the colon such as collagenous colitis can also impede the capacity of the colon to soak up water. 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