charles iv of sweden

[64] After the battle, Bernadotte complained to Napoleon for having, in violation of all military rules, ordered Dupas to act independently of his command, and for having thereby caused great loss of life to the Saxons, and tendered his resignation. [16], Italian writer Lorenzo Magalotti visited Stockholm in 1674 and described the teenage Charles XI as "virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face". Charles and Ulrika were engaged in 1675 in an attempt to smooth over longstanding hostilities, but the Scanian War soon broke out. 6–7. His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. They declared independence, adopted a liberal constitution and elected Danish crown prince Christian Frederick to the throne. 1. The 20-year-old king was inexperienced and considered ill-served amidst what has been called the anarchy in the nation. [51][52] Bernadotte held his troops to the same high standard and punished looting and raping severely and was known to intervene with his sword drawn against those engaged in pillaging, as was the case following the capture of Lübeck.[53][54]. The third son of King Oscar I of Sweden and Josephine of Leuchtenberg, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden through his mother. [4] Bernadotte's promotions came both from the esteem of his commanders as well as from his men; having been elected to the rank of lieutenant colonel and colonel by his men, though he refused both nominations in favor of traditional advancement. Left unsupported by Ney's unexpected movement toward Königsberg, the Russians under Levin August von Bennigsen, passed over to the offensive and attempted to destroy Bernadotte's and Ney's isolated Corps. [107], His domestic policy particularly focused on promotion of economy and investment in social overhead capital, and the long peace since 1814 led to an increased prosperity for the country. - 1054?) He tried to divert public opinion from Finland to Norway, by arguing that to create a compact peninsula, with sea for its natural boundary, was to inaugurate an era of peace, and that waging war with Russia would lead to ruinous consequences. He was the King of Sweden (as Charles XIII) from 1809 and King of Norway (as Charles II) from 1814 until his 1818 death. He served with distinction in Italy and Germany, and was briefly Minister of War. [55] The Russians resumed the offensive that summer and Bernadotte was attacked by, and defeated, a strong Prussian Corps at Spanden, preserving the French bridgehead over the Pasłęka, where he was nearly killed when a spent ball struck him in the neck. He had previously been engaged to his cousin, Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege, but the engagement was broken after a scandal. In 1679, Louis XIV of France dictated the terms of a general pacification, and Charles XI, who is said to have bitterly resented "the insufferable tutelage" of the French king, was forced at last to acquiesce to a peace that managed to leave his empire practically intact. [28], On the introduction of the First French Empire, Bernadotte became one of the eighteen Marshals of the Empire, and from June 1804 to September 1805 served as governor of the recently occupied Hanover. At a critical moment he ordered Dupas forward to his support; the latter replied that he had orders from the emperor to remain where he was. The German king Charles IV in 1348 made the Mecklenburgs dukes and princes of the empire. Barton, D. Plunkett (1921). [17] However, his popularity and contacts with radical Jacobins aroused antipathy towards him in the government. [25] From 2 July to 14 September he was Minister of War, in which capacity he displayed great ability. [8] In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and a seat on the council to his younger brother, Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg. The Swedish-Norwegian war of 1814 is credited as Sweden's last direct conflict and war.[3]. He was the second-born child of his parents and the eldest son in the family, making him the natural heir to the throne. [22] [33] Many Swedes expected him to reconquer Finland, which had been ceded to Russia; however, the Crown Prince was aware of its difficulty for reasons of the desperate situation of the state finance and the reluctance of the Finnish people to return to Sweden. Lacking qualities of leadership himself, Charles entrusted the government (1792) to Manuel de Godoy, a protégé of the queen, Maria Luisa of Parma. pp. pp. The battle proved to be a decisive one for the rule of the Scanian lands and it has been described as the most significant event for Charles' personality. His efforts culminated in the favourable Treaty of Kiel, which transferred Norway to Swedish control. Of the latter, Bernadotte was gifted in his ability to inspire his men to prodigious feats of valor. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less [110] The main street in Oslo, Slottsgaten, would later be named after Charles John as Karl Johans gate. While he regained consciousness, he never fully recovered and died on the afternoon of 8 March. [17] Due to the capture of a courier carrying the Emperor's latest orders, Bernadotte was not informed of a change of strategy to move East toward the rest of the French Army. The palace itself was not completed until 1849, long after the death of Charles John, and was inaugurated by Oscar I. The youngest son of the Swedish king Gustav I Vasa, Charles in 1568 was one of the leaders of a rebellion against the rule of his half brother Erik XIV that placed his other brother on the throne as John III. Bernadotte's troops then captured Salzburg on 30 October. Although solicited to do so by Barras and Joseph Bonaparte, he did not take part in the coup d'état of the 30th Prairial. However, the death of his father when Bernadotte was just 17 stopped the youth from following his father's career. Charles IV was King of Spain and the Spanish Empire from 14 December 1788, until 19 March 1808. 245–46, Meredith, William George (1829). 1813 Leipzig. In pursuance of these orders, Bernadotte, separately from Davout, left Naumburg at dawn on the morning of the 14th for Dornburg and marched towards Apolda, which he reached by 16:00. In the summer of 1696, he asked his doctors for an opinion on the pain as it had continuously become worse, but they had no viable cure or treatment for it. This put Norway into a union with Sweden, which lasted for almost a century before being peacefully dissolved in 1905. Bernadotte was, through marriage to Désirée Clary, brother-in-law to Joseph Bonaparte, and thus a member of the extended Imperial Family. After several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659, gathered his family and the Riksdag of the Estates in Gothenburg. [13], Bernadotte played key roles throughout the next 18 months during the three French invasions into Germany; often employed in the place of honor during offensives leading the vanguard, and in retreat as a defensive specialist commanding the rearguard. [98] The Army of the North committed the coup de grâce on the already depleted French and Bernadotte was the first of the Allied sovereigns to enter Leipzig. Royal house House of VasaFather Jorge IIMother Unnamed motherOccupation Soldier and military leader Charles IV & III Kasimir Vasa (also Charles Vasa) (12 March 1268 – 14 June 1302) was soldier, King of Sweden, and Prince of Swedish Kingdom. Bernadotte moved West as ordered, pursued by Bennigsen where he ably defeated the numerically superior Russian vanguard at Mohrungen (25 January 1807). The king is pictured on the bill since the Bank of Sweden was founded in 1668, during Charles' reign.[51]. [16], At the beginning of 1797 he was ordered by the Directory to march with 20,000 men as reinforcements to Napoleon Bonaparte's army in Italy. Charles XI (Swedish: Karl XI, also Charles IV[2] and Carl; 4 December [O.S. Alm, Mikael; Johansson, Brittinger (Eds) (2008). pp. Bernadotte, struggling desperately to prevent his men from sacking, was given six horses from the Council of Lübeck as their appreciation. [24] Bernadotte was very dissatisfied; he finally accepted the post in Vienna, but had to quit owing to the disturbances caused by his hoisting the tricolour over the embassy. While Charles John had the power of absolute veto in Sweden, he only had a suspensive veto in Norway. [4][46] Her infant son Ulric (1684–1685) had been given Ulriksdal Palace, which was renamed for him (Ulric's Dale). In February 1686, a church law was put forth on his initiative. [11] The king had adopted a Danish prince, Charles August, as his son soon after his coronation, but he had died just a few months after his arrival. The King had to grow up quickly. Main article: Fairhair dynasty Besides becoming sole king after his father's death, Eric Bloodaxe was king jointly with his father for three years before his death. Rumors that Napoleon relieved Bernadotte of command on the spot at Raasdorf have long been the stuff of legend, but are not verified. [61], Being recalled to Germany to assist in the new war between France and Austria, he received the command of the 9th Corps, which was mainly composed of Saxons. On the second day of battle, 6 July 1809, IX Corps, having been mauled the night before, wherein Bernadotte struggled to rally his demoralized Saxons, was attacked by two Austrian corps, as part of Archduke Charles's effort to break the French line. Some sources say the king was basically dependent on Gyllenstierna,. [48], Charles XI has sometimes been described in Sweden as the greatest of all the Swedish kings, except for Gustavus II Adolphus, unduly eclipsed by his father and his son. He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. One of them was the former guardian and Lord Chief Justice Magnus De La Gardie, who, among many other Estates, had to return the extravagant 248-room Läckö Castle. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. [33], On 26 January 1844,[33] his 81st birthday, Charles John was found unconscious in his chambers having suffered a stroke. [99], After the Battle of Leipzig he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and to secure Norway,[33] defeating the Danes in a relatively quick campaign. Soldier huts around the country were the most visible part of the new Swedish allotment system. [114], Louis-Émile Vanderburch and Ferdinand Langlé's 1833 play Le Camarade de lit ("The Bedfellow") depicts Bernadotte as King of Sweden; an old grenadier claims that, as a young man, Bernadotte received a tattoo of a scandalous republican motto: either Mort aux Rois ("Death to kings"), or Mort aux tyrans ("Death to tyrants"), or Mort au Roi ("Death to the king"). Sweden reluctantly declared war against the UK but it was treated by both countries as being merely nominal, although Swedish imports of British goods decreased from £4,871 million in 1810 to £523 million in the following year. (NN) ... (NN) du PUY. Everywhere he instilled a fighting spirit, making an army out of a mob, and thus he rapidly brought the defenses of Antwerp to a high order of readiness. [82] Many were also optimistic that Sweden would capture Finland under Charles John. "[42] Subsequently, Bernadotte pursued, conjointly with Soult and Murat (known as the "Pursuit of the Three Marshals"), Prussian general Blücher's Corps to Lübeck, where his troops stormed the Prussian defenses, taking the city[43] and forcing Blücher's capitulation at Radkow (7 November 1806). The hostility of Poland and the breakup of Russia involved him in overseas contests for the possession of Livonia and Ingria, the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) and the Ingrian War, while his pretensions to claim Lapplandbrought … [83][100] This paved the way for Norway to enter a personal union with Sweden later that year.[33]. [9], His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained the formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts. The guerrilla Snapphane movement, in northern Scania, had attacked his soldiers and stolen his money. [17], In 1810 Bernadotte was about to enter his new post as governor of Rome when he was unexpectedly elected the heir-presumptive to King Charles XIII of Sweden. [49][50] Bernadotte was known throughout the Army for his probity and honesty in the conduct of his affairs on campaign and he refrained from the looting and brigandage that many of his fellow marshals engaged in. MacMillan, New York. [70][71] Refusing to comply with the order, he was summoned to Vienna, and after an interview with Napoleon at Schönbrunn accepted the general government of the Roman states. 5 November 1810 most visible part of the flooded Kävlinge River – near Lund – on 11 November this happened! The anarchy in the Battle of Landskrona Napoleon in Mantua and was known as an king! Problem of Charles Kingsley - Volume IV - Hypatia by Charles Kingsley - Volume IV - Hypatia by Kingsley. ( NN )... ( NN ) du PUY brothers had passed away came into throne! Not verified on Sunday was made Prince of Pontecorvo as a Constitutional monarch and leave Oscar as regent in,. By ill-health and numerous pregnancies 's VI Corps the storm in midwinter highly. 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